Sunday, January 26, 2020
Death Penalty For Drug Trafficking
Death Penalty For Drug Trafficking I have chosen to focus on the death penalty for drug trafficking for the following reasons: Some governments will sentence those who are convicted for just the possession of drugs to the death penalty, while other countries are more lenient and do not do so. From this study, I want to know if the enforcement of the death penalty may affect drug trafficking through its deterrence effect. I also want to find out more on the present situation of drug trafficking and thus predict what may happen in the future, with regard to the application and the law on drug offences. Death Penalty for Drug Trafficking: Is it really necessary? Introduction Drug abuse produces long term consequences and problems in societies. Drug trafficking is a serious offence and drug traffickers should be punished. However, should the death penalty be imposed on drug traffickers? Do they deserve the death penalty? Some countries believe implementing the death penalty for drug trafficking has a deterrent effect and would control the drug problem. However, is this really the case? Which countries enforce the death penalty for drug trafficking? There are currently twenty-one countries which state in their laws that those whom are caught trafficking drugs and committing other drug offenses will face the death penalty. From Annex I, it shows that mainly countries in Asia, 18 out of 21, enforce the death penalty for drug trafficking. How does Singapores and Mexicos laws view drug trafficking? Singapore and Mexico were chosen because I want to see the contrast between the laws of a very strict country and one that has a drug war going on and producing a large amount of drugs. Singapore has strict, even draconian laws regarding the misuse of drugs and drug trafficking. This is shown in Singapores laws, under the Misuse of Drugs Act, which state that the trafficking of a certain amount of drugs will result in the person receiving a mandatory death penalty such as 250 grams of amphetamines and 1,200 grams of opium containing 30 grams of morphine. In addition, any person possessing over a certain amount of drugs, such as 15 grams of heroin, 500 grams of cannabis and 30 grams of cocaineà [1]à will be presumed drug trafficking unless proven otherwise and convicted of the death sentence.à [2]à On the other hand, Mexico, a major drug-producing and transit country, has laws which are much more lax than Singapore. Recently, a new law was passed in Mexico that decriminalized the simple possessionà [3]à of drugs. Under this law it is stated that if person is found to possess an amount of drugs under the allowable quantity, they will just be told what are the possible drug rehabilitation options in their area.à [4]à The allowable amounts are 5 grams of marijuana and 50 milligrams of heroin, which both contain multiple doses, and 0.5 grams of cocaine. Even if a person is found to be in possession of up to 1,000 times the allowable amounts, he would only be sentenced to 10 months 3 years in prison.à [5]à What are the main arguments for and against the usage of the death penalty? This leads us to the issue of whether using the death penalty is justified for drug trafficking. There are quite a number of factors for people to support the death penalty. First, by killing the criminal, there is one less criminal in society to do harm, thus offering safety and protection. Secondly, it is a deterrent, as people may not want to take the risk to commit a serious crime if the punishment is death. Supporters say that death penalty has been made as humane as possible and can be carried out professionally.à [6]à The death penalty also helps justify the victims death.à [7]à However, there are also many factors to oppose using the death penalty for drug trafficking. Some religious groups say that life is sacred and killing should not be allowed in any circumstances and death penalty is not pro-life. Also, the imposition of the death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishmentà [8]à . Opponents also believe that studies of death penalty for deterrence are highly exaggerated and arguments in those studies are flawed. In addition, death penalty is always cruel and can never be humane.à [9]à In the context of Singapore, opponents of death penalty feel that the usage of the death penalty may result in a higher chance of an innocent person being executedà [10]à as Singapore employs a guilty until proven innocent law.à [11]à After considering the arguments from both sides, I am against imposing the death penalty. This is mainly due to the fact that there is no confirmed deterrent effect resulting from imposing the death penalty. Though some studies advocate that enforcement of death penalty can deter people from committing crimesà [12]à , other studies indicated that there is insufficient evidence to prove that death penalty actually has a deterrent effectà [13]à . There is really no proof that a person would not commit a crime due to fear of execution. In addition, death penalty is irreversible, so any miscarriages of justice may result in grave consequences as the dead cannot be brought back to life. Does the death penalty for drug trafficking have a deterrent effect on criminals? There is little information regarding whether the death penalty for drug trafficking has an actual deterrent effect on criminals in Singapore. However, I have created a line graph showing a comparison of the number of drug related executions and the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore. Fig. 1 Number of drug-related executionsà [14]à in relation to the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore in hundredsà [15]à From Fig. 1 above, it is shown that there is no correlation between the number of drug-related executions and the total number of drug abusers arrested in Singapore. There have been some instances where there has been some correlation though, from the year 1994 to 1997 both the numbers of drug-related executions and drug abusers dropped, albeit at different rates. Also, from 2000 to 2001, both numbers rose. However, this does not prove that there is a deterrent effect for the death penalty as the number of drug abusers should increase when the number of drug related executions drop. There are probably other factors affecting the number of drug abusers and drug-related executions such as the effectiveness of the criminal justice system, demographic changes and economic conditions. With a more effective criminal justice system, there could be more executions regardless of whether there is an increase or decrease in the number of drug abusers. Changing demographics could lead to more drug abusers if the change involved an increase in younger population between the ages of 13 to below 30. This however, may not necessarily lead to more executions though one would think that more drug abusers could lead to an increase in drug trafficking. There is just no simple correlation among these factors. When economic conditions are bad, the number of drug abusers may increase as people abuse drugs to relieve their unhappiness.à [16]à However, there may be less executions, since costs required for executing a person is quite high, over USD$1 million as a doctor is needed to be employed to certify the criminals deathà [17]à . Is the death penalty really necessary? What would happen if all countries currently practising the death penalty abolish it in the next 20 years? With increasing pressure from Amnesty International and an ever increasing opposition to the death penalty, governments of countries would be under increasing pressure to abolish death penalty due to drug trafficking. In my opinion, the abolishment of death penalty may not lead to a surge of drug trafficking as drug trafficking is affected more by the demand for drugs than the fear of the death penalty. Also, there are other alternatives such as life imprisonment without parole. Also, what would happen to the society if the death penalty was abolished? As mentioned above, the abolition of the death penalty can occur due to pressure from Amnesty International and other organisations. I believe that society in general would not be much affected as there has not been any proof that death penalty acts as a deterrent. Hence, drug trafficking would not be greatly increased. Pro-life members of the society would welcome the abolishment while the supporters of death penalty would put pressure on the government to step up law enforcement to prevent increased drug trade and use. From the previous two scenarios, I conclude that imposing the death penalty for drug trafficking is not necessary because drug trafficking will not increase when the death penalty is abolished as there is no deterrent effect and it may help with tightening law enforcement on drug trafficking and abuse. Word Count: 1475
Friday, January 17, 2020
Knowledge work productivity Essay
The road to an organizationââ¬â¢s success depends on the PEOPLE. In Peter Druckerââ¬â¢s writings, there was always a part on people and how they can CONTRIBUTE. Before the internet and social media congested world of today; Drucker noticed how people behaved with their work duties. Whether it was putting a tire on a car; talking strategy on how to move the business forward or volunteers interacting with each other at a non-profit, Drucker soon realized that successful organizations have the foundation of great people. People grow organizations together. From the beginning straight to the end; it is the people who decide how far they want to take their organization. Knowledge work defines our society today. With the dominance of social media, the expanding internet, and the powerhouses of technology; the possibilities of knowledge are endless. Educators are beginning to orient themselves towards teaching through technology, whether that is tablets in the school classroom or universities providing entire courses online. Physical labor still exists; however, the high level of knowledge that is needed still persists. Our society today depends on people working with their minds; a reality that Peter Drucker was envisioning over fifty years ago. The organizations that use knowledge work effectively empower and trust their people to have the freedom to share their ideas. Executives and managers work together to align peopleââ¬â¢s ideas to the mission; as well as create a sense of belonging to each that works there. Management is always about the people first. A manager needs to create an environment where people are comfortable working together and in tandem, and resist the urge to create individual silos. Everyone wants to do great things for their organization; it is up to management to foster that environment of collaboration and teamwork and align the team to the companyââ¬â¢s mission and goals. People will always be the structure of any organization. When the structure is strong; the support of more is there. When one feels empowered to use their passion and knowledge to be successful; the winning formula begins to develop, and all it takes is to empower that person to be their best. The author of 39 books during his long career, and counselor to titans of business and rulers of nations, Drucker championed the powers of observation, often formulating simple ideas that triggered startling results. The Practice of Management (1954) and The Effective Executive (1966) are considered his landmark works. Part of Druckerââ¬â¢s genius lay in his ability to find patterns among seemingly unconnected disciplines. ââ¬Å"The most important thing in communication is to hear what isnââ¬â¢t being said,â⬠he once said. The magazine called Druckerââ¬â¢s teachings ââ¬Å"a blueprint for every thinking leader,â⬠noting that Drucker taught generations of managers the importance of picking the best people, of focusing on opportunities and not problems, of getting on the same side of the desk as their customer, of the need to understand their competitive advantages and to continue to refine them (listening-and-learning approach) Drucker called himself a ââ¬Å"social ecologist,â⬠a close observer of the way humans are organized across all sectorsââ¬âin business, but also in government and in the nonprofit world. ââ¬Å"None of my books or ideas means anything to me in the long run,â⬠he said. ââ¬Å"What are theories? Nothing. The only thing that matters is how you touch people. Have I given anyone insight? Thatââ¬â¢s what I want to have done. Insight lasts; theories donââ¬â¢t. And even insight decays into small details, which is how it should be. A few details that have meaning in oneââ¬â¢s life are important.â⬠Druckerââ¬â¢s track record is impressive, as BusinessWeek succinctly summarized upon his death in 2005. Among his accomplishments: ââ¬âHe introduced the idea of decentralizationââ¬âin the 1940sââ¬âwhich became a bedrock principle for virtually every large organization in the world. ââ¬âHe was the first to assertââ¬âin the 1950sââ¬âthat workers should be treated as assets, not as liabilities to be eliminated. ââ¬âHe originated the view of the corporation as a human communityââ¬âagain, in the 1950sââ¬âbuilt on trust and respect for the worker and not just a profit-making machine, a perspective that won Drucker an almost godlike reverence among the Japanese. ââ¬âHe first made clearââ¬âstill the ââ¬â¢50sââ¬âthat there is ââ¬Å"no business without a customer,â⬠a simple notion that ushered in a new marketing mindset. ââ¬âHe argued in the 1960sââ¬âlong before othersââ¬âfor the importance of substance over style, for institutionalized practices over charismatic, cult leaders. ââ¬âHe wrote about the contribution of knowledge workersââ¬âin the 1970sââ¬âlong before anyone knew or understood how knowledge would trump raw material as the essential capital of the New Economy. As he aged, Drucker appeared to assume more gravitas, slowing his speech, projecting a more authoritative presence, allowing his audience to hang on his words. He expressed dismay with the greed and self-interest that pervaded corporate America in his later years, shifting his focus to nonprofits. In writings and speeches during the 1980s, Drucker emerged as one of corporate Americaââ¬â¢s most important critics, preaching against reckless mergers and acquisitions. He warned that CEO pay had rocketed out of control and implored boards to hold CEO compensation to no more than 20 times what the rank and file made. In The Definitive Drucker: Challenges for Tomorrowââ¬â¢s Executivesââ¬âFinal Advice from the Father of Modern Management (2007), author Elizabeth Haas Edersheim wrote, ââ¬Å"Peterââ¬â¢s ideas were the catalyst that freed people to pursue opportunities they had never expected to have. He liberated people by asking them questions and eliciting a vision that just felt right. He liberated people by getting them to challenge their own assumptions. He liberated people by raising their awareness of, and their faith in, things they knew intuitively. He liberated people by forcing them to think. He liberated people by talking to them. He liberated people by getting them to ask the right questions.â⬠The Business of Listening Why should you care about listening skills? Most of us have developed as business people in organizational cultures that emphasize the persuasiveness of the speaker. Weââ¬â¢ve spent countless hours, and a great deal of money, attending to our appearance, business dress, body language, facial expression, selection of language, tone of voice, charts, graphs, and on and on. The importance of those factors is not denied. However, theyââ¬â¢re not the only factors influencing communication. And are they powerful enough, when weââ¬â¢re trying to get the best from a diverse group of people, build a customer-focused organization, or influence those who disagree with us? As Kenneth R. Johnson, said in his book, Effective Listening Skills, ââ¬Å"Listening effectively to others can be the most fundamental and powerful communication tool of all. When someone is willing to stop talking or thinking and begin truly listening to others, all of their interactions become easier, and communication problems are all but eliminated.â⬠Understanding others, results in them understanding you Consciously cultivating your listening skills helps you understand the many difficulties affecting other people. You become better at being heard and understood. Use your human resources better Improving your listening skills helps you more fully use the diverse knowledge, wisdom, energy and enthusiasm of the people you deal with. Get more out of face-to-face interaction Maximize the value of your live, non-electronic, conversations. Face-to-face interaction still influences the quality of your business relationships and meetings more than any other factor. Gain depth and intimacy You engage more deeply and intimately with your people, your teams and important organizational issues and changes. Motivate Improving your listening skills helps you maintain the energy, equilibrium and enthusiasm of others, as well as your own. ââ¬Å"Managers who get to know their people, respect and trust the competency of their employees, and listen continually for how employees are doing relative to their aspirations, quality of work life, and sense of career advancement, will have a far greater chance of developing and retaining their employees.â⬠Caela Farren, CEO of MasteryWorks THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING March and Olsen provide a model of organizational learning as a cycle in which individual and organizational action are distinct but interrelated. Individual actions ââ¬â based on individual beliefs ââ¬â lead to organizational action that in turn induces an environmental response. If an environmental response subsequently affects individual beliefs, the cycle is supposedly completed and learning has been achieved. However, if the environment remains unchanged, the three other elements of the learning model remain unaffected and therefore only individual but no organizational learning might occur. If in contrast, the environment changes, individual beliefs will change which in turn will lead to some corresponding individual and organizational actions. This concept of learning as adaptation is further developed by Levitt and March who suggest organizations learn by ââ¬Å"encoding inferences from history into routines that guide behavior.â⬠Drawing on a stimulus-response model of responsiveness this adaptive perspective portrays the generation of responses as a function of environmental change. In turn, the perspective of organizations as cognitive systems has extended the foundational argument of the adaptive perspective on learning by identifying cognition as the basis for deliberate organizational action. In this case, Ducan and Weiss remind us that organizational learning refers to an organizationââ¬â¢s ââ¬â i.e. its dominant coalitionââ¬â¢s ââ¬â capacity to identify the need for change and adaptation and take intentional actions. Action-outcome relationships and their conditions are tested, validated, and subsequently rejected or confirmed. In particular, they emphasize two key aspects of such learning processes, namely the ability to communicate and integrate knowledge and insights. Similarly, Fiol and Lyles state that ââ¬Å"learning enables organizations to build an understanding and interpretation of their environmentâ⬠¦it results in associations, cognitive systems, and memories that are developed and shared by members of the organization.â⬠Thus organizational members are portrayed as interpreters of reality who become conscious actors in individual and collective learning process. On a similar note, Draft and Weick provide us with a model that views learning as resulting from conflicting interpretations of reality. In their seminal piece, they propose organizations as interpretation systems whereby interpretation refers to a process through which information is given meaning and subsequent actions are identified. Building on, yet extending the behavioral view, Draft and Weick suggest iterative sequences of scanning, interpretation and learning. For instance, scanning refers to vigilantly monitoring and gathering data from the environment, whereas the interpretation refers to the translation or sensemaking of such data. Finally, learning involves knowledge of the organization in terms of the interrelationship of organizational actions and its environment. The generation of responses in this model is portrayed as a function of the interpretation style of an organizationââ¬â¢s dominant coalition. Effective Communication is significant for managers in the organizations so as to perform the basic functions of management, i.e., Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Communication helps managers to perform their jobs and responsibilities. Communication serves as a foundation for planning. All the essential information must be communicated to the managers who in-turn must communicate the plans so as to implement them. Organizing also requires effective communication with others about their job task. Similarly leaders as managers must communicate effectively with their subordinates so as to achieve the team goals. Controlling is not possible without written and oral communication. Managers devote a great part of their time in communication. They generally devote approximately 6 hours per day in communicating. They spend great time on face to face or telephonic communication with their superiors, subordinates, colleagues, customers or suppliers. Managers also use Written Communication in form of letters, reports or memos wherever oral communication is not feasible. Thus, we can say that ââ¬Å"effective communication is a building block of successful organizationsâ⬠. In other words, communication acts as organizational blood. The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as follows: 1. Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the employees about the task to be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. 2. Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions. 3. Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individualââ¬â¢s attitudes, i.e., a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in moulding employeeââ¬â¢s attitudes. 4. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot survive without communication. 5. As discussed earlier, communication also assists in controlling process. It helps controlling organizational memberââ¬â¢s behaviour in various ways. There are various levels of hierarchy and certain principles and guidelines that employees must follow in an organization. They must comply with organizational policies, perform their job role efficiently and communicate any work problem and grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication helps in controlling function of management. An effective and efficient communication system requires managerial proficiency in delivering and receiving messages. A manager must discover various barriers to communication, analyze the reasons for their occurrence and take preventive steps to avoid those barriers. Thus, the primary responsibility of a manager is to develop and maintain an effective communication system in the organization.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Engineering Ethics Essay - 1653 Words
In this essay I shall consider whether the primary goal of a course on engineering should be to teach students the standards of professional conduct as set out by major engineering codes of ethics, or if they should think autonomously about moral issues. The speaker in the essay question suggest that the former argument is correct, and that engineering courses should have the goal of teaching students to master the standards set out by codes of ethics as following these is what engineering ethics consists of. This means that students should be taught that instead of making their own decisions about moral issues, they are to follow the guidelines set out for them by engineering institutions. Many agree with this philosophy, for exampleâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦These are all reasons that students should master the standards of professional conduct as set out by the major codes of ethics, as they all show engineers how to conduct their work in a way that is deemed to be responsible and moral. If engineers were left to think autonomously then it is likely that each engineer will have their own set of codes that they decide to follow and hence there will be a lack of consistency among the profession. This may lead to a worsening of the publicââ¬â¢s view of the profession and also without a major engineering institution setting the codes, the way engineers operate may not change to meet the ever-increasing challenges in the rapidly changing world. Throughout engineering history there have been many events that back up the argument posed in this essay, in which engineers have taken decisions into their own hands, where the professionââ¬â¢s code of ethics would have prevented them doing so. An example of this is the engineers that designed the Ford Pinto 1997. This car was found to have a flaw during testing, in which the fuel tank would rupture in a crash above 25mph [3] and at the same time the front doors would usually jam shut. Although in every test run above 25mph the fuel tank ruptured the engineers decided that the cost of the fix was far greater than what they would have to pay out in compensation for accidents. In this case the engineers decided not to follow the guidelines set out in nearly all of the majorShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics2079 Words à |à 9 Pagesaddresses the importance of engineering ethics as it pertains to the health, safety, and well-being of not only individuals but society. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Cloning The Face of a Better Tomorrow Essay - 1995 Words
As the world has grown and developed, there has been more of a demand for newer and more efficient ways to solve world problems. Cloning has opened up doors and shined some light onto some optional ways of resolving various global issues. Cloned animals could be used to increase productivity in the manufacturing and sale of meat. Cloning could also improve our agriculture and help to preserve our animal population. Lastly, cloning could quite possibly serve a major purpose in the medical field. In spite of several doubts and risks, cloning is an innovative process that can produce a variety of overwhelming benefits that can better todayââ¬â¢s and tomorrowââ¬â¢s future. To many it may seem as if cloning has just recently been discovered butâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦or in the Ripleyââ¬â¢s Believe It or Not Museum. Dolly the sheep was the first ever animal to be cloned with the use of adult cells instead of cells that came from embryos. From the breakthrough of Doll y the sheep, scientists have since been able to clone several mammals that include the mouse and cow as mentioned before and now the goat as well. The usage of federal funds in regards to human cloning was outlawed by Bill Clinton in 1997. This action was supposed to only be temporary but lasted longer than promised. Shortly after Bill Clintonââ¬â¢s announcement of banning human cloning thatââ¬â¢s funded with federal money, several European countries decided to ban the cloning of humans. The banning of human cloning begins to have a domino effect on other countries and this is best shown by Glenn McGee in which he displayed a table of chronological key events in his article,â⬠Human Cloningâ⬠(938-942). The table explained that Japan and Great Britain soon began to take a stand and also ban human cloning but this time the banning of reproductive cloning(938-942). Japanââ¬â¢s ban took place in November of 2000 and Great Britainââ¬â¢s took place in December o f 2001. The first state to legalize cloning to be used for therapeutic uses was California. California made history through the passing of this law in September of 2002. Former president George W. Bush made it known in a speech that he gave in 2002, that he did not support anything dealing with the cloning of humans even forShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering: Playing God Essay1796 Words à |à 8 Pagesitââ¬â¢s an animal customized with genes of different species. In reality, it could be a human-animal mixture that could result in horror for the scientific community. 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Since technology has occupied the world and our way of life, there is no chance to getRead More The Affects of the Human Genome Project on Society Essay3143 Words à |à 13 Pagesever growing thirst for knowledge as we have for many hundreds of years now. Scientists work around the clock studying the affects of nearly everything they can think of to conduct experiments on. This quest for knowledge is the supposed start to a better life for man kind and ultimately a world without disease or hunger. The human genome project is one that has been going on for about 20 years. This project set out to map, down to the last detail, every part of the human DNA structure (ââ¬Å"Humanâ⬠).Read More The Discovery Of Economy Essay3554 Words à | à 15 Pagessocially is thousands of years ahead of the developed. Coming now to the definition of economy of the world, we must Firstly abolish the currency value system and pave way to the formation of an economic and monetary union of all the nations on the face of this world. Let the currencies be what they are, simultaneously allowing the currencies of all countries to be equivalent in value. Let one US dollar be equal in value to one KSA Rial and also be equal in value to one Argentinean peso, to one SpanishRead MoreEssay on How Technology is Represented in Star Wars4384 Words à |à 18 PagesWars is a great artifact to study to get a better understanding of our own technological advancements. In this report, we focus specifically on how the Empire, the Rebels, and the Non-Warring people of the film acquired, developed, and used technology and how that relates to our society today. Rationale Although Star Wars takes place in a galaxy far, far away, that does not mean that it is not significant or that it cannot be used to help us better understand our own society. Star Wars hasRead MoreChinas model7412 Words à |à 30 Pagesconsequences and powerful implications for America [Murray 1993: 1]. Megan Ryan and Christopher Flavin of the Worldwatch Institute agree: The prospect of one-fifth of humanity suddenly entering the consumer age will force industrial countries. . .to face up to the unsustainability of their current practices. The world cannot afford to have another billion people driving around in big cars or eating fast food hamburgers (Ryan and Flavin 1995: 129). The Chinese, it is widely agreed, cannot be allowed
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